Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフ Furushichofu ( Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイー Arī Hāmeneī ( Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマン Itsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマン Itsāku Pāruman ( Itzhak Perlman). ![]() Other sounds not present in Japanese may be converted to the nearest Japanese equivalent for example, the name Smith is written スミス ( Su-mi-su). For example, London becomes ロンドン ( Ro-n-do-n). Japanese does not have separate l and r sounds, and l- is normally transcribed using the kana that are perceived as representing r. The English /eɪ/ is transcribed to either e-e (エース e-e-su "ace") or e-i (スペイン Su-pe-i-n "Spain") similarly, /əʊ/ is transcribed to either o-o (ショー sho-o "show") or o-u (シャドウ sha-do-u "shadow"). コア ko-a "core"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English. The English spelling (phonologically /ɔː/ ( RP) or /ɔːr/ ( GA)) is usually "diphthongized" as o-a in Japanese (e.g. Diphthongs are represented by sequences of vowels, and pronounced with hiatus, as a sequence of discrete monophthongs, not a diphthong, as in ブラウン Bu-ra-u-n "Brown", ナイス na-i-su "nice", ディア di-a "dear/deer", レア re-a "rare". Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel ( monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example, English. A similar principle applies to consonant clusters for example spring would be transcribed as スプリング ( su-pu-ri-n-gu), and scratch would be transcribed as スクラッチ ( su-ku-ra-cchi). For example, the name Jim is written ジム ( Ji-mu). Since Japanese has few closed syllables, syllable-final consonants in the source language are often represented using the -u (or sometimes -o or -i) kanas with implicitly silent vowels – though this vowel often is pronounced in Japanese – or the syllable coda is not represented at all. As such, the word is typically shortened to simply リモコン ( ri-mo-ko-n) in modern Japanese speech and writing. These additional sounds not only add to the word's length when spoken, but it also severely bloats the word when written. ![]() Here, additional vowels are added between and, between and, and after at the word's end, and the vowels of mo and ro have been lengthened to mimic the English pronunciation. For example, the word remote control becomes the cumbersome リモートコントロール ( ri-mō-to-ko-n-to-rō-ru) in Japanese. As Kanji are logographic and Kana encode entire syllables (or rather, morae), the higher information density of Japanese writing usually evens out with the larger text so that Japanese and English texts take about the same amount of space, but challenges arise with foreign consonant clusters incompatible with Japanese phonotactics and the Kana system. Furthermore, as both Kanji and Kana are traditionally of equal width and height, Japanese characters are generally much larger than Latin characters. See also: Japanese abbreviated and contracted wordsīecause Japanese is written with relatively complex Kanji characters, Japanese text must generally be written larger for legibility.
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